In no way I am writing with any certainty about these words or realities or whatever phenomena they are. But with quite a discussion with a learned friend of mine, clarity of thoughts seems to built within. However, from very surface reading and my own biases, Dharma and Nyaya have been same thing for me. Naya here is not a branch of philosophy rather justice in its strict sense.
What is Nyaya?
In its day-to-day life, a decision by court of justice is itself justice. One can try to cry over and over yet in short run whatever a reason of court is will be justice. However, in truth, justice is related with what a pure human consciousness guide the human being as a justice is justice. Qualifying consciousness with purity may be a false attempt to define something undefined. Here, purity of reason can do good work. With hope , purity of reason coincide with one true reason by all human being. With a good wish, many have found to place great trust in universal reason or something like this. Can reason determine justice then? What is the comparing yardstick for justice? If Truth is that yardstick upon which reason is based and that reason guides the justice then Justice is the outcome of the Truth.
However, when somebody hit me, to hit back is nothing but false hope of equality hence is not truth. Here, justice is not based on truth/dharma. Then, how can we say Justice is based on Truth. Since reason can achieve singularity only in Truth as it is the only constant thing/concept/reality, but justice can't run towards it. Whatever may be Justice but is surely not related with Truth/Dharma.
What is Dharma?
Yudhistir(Vyasa in Mahabharata) said Dharma is that which sustain and uphold the world. More lucrative one is from Chanakya, everything is moveable (challll) and dharma only is still (nischal). By combining these two formulas, Dharma is nothing but Truth. One can perform dharma only by knowing Truth itself. Anything other than Truth is Adharma. Ignorant(counting bookish as knowledgeable won't justify anything here as spiritual knowledge is blessing and hard earned jewel) men can't perform Karma that will be consistent with Dharma.
It seems Nyaya is more about how we deal with others and in some cases how we fool ourselves too. Dharma is independent about these fooling around things. Every learned jurist seems (forgive me for writing like I have understood all jurist) to run towards Truth from Justice to seek base.
Universal reason may not be the answer rather a universal oneness of that Ultimate declared by Upanishad which is one and same in all and as declared by Vedas is in various forms and as romantic Puranas displayed it dancing in thousand forms is the answer. To preserve that by itself is Justice and that self is the Truth and is Dharma and is stable. By only through oneness doing anything against Dharma can be declared as Annya (Injustice) as Justice is dealing with others but others are merged in one self, hence Dharma can be applied here too.
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